Finally, he continued and expanded the Safavid policy of a forced resettlement of tribal groups Perry, , pp. All these reforms can be viewed as attempts to address weaknesses that had emerged in the late Safavid era, but none solved the problems that were tied to larger trends in the world economy.
This crisis, in turn, put more pressure on the provinces to produce tax revenue, which led provincial governors to take oppressive measures and fueled the Afghan revolt that had resulted in the Safavid collapse in the first place.
After the fall of Qandahar, many Afghans joined his army. The shah himself was so obsessed with emulating Timur that he moved, for a time, to Mashad Lockhart, pp. IV, p. He executed Ilbars and replaced him with a more compliant ruler, but this new vassal would soon be overthrown. He issued a decree canceling all taxes in Iran for three years and decided to press forward on several projects, such as creation of a new navy.
The project was not completed, but by he had amassed a fleet of about thirty ships purchased in India Lockhart, p. Finally, the shah was forced to reinstate taxes due to insufficient funds, and the heavy levies sparked numerous rebellions. EI2 I, p. The Ottoman sultan, however, remained unimpressed by this outcome.
The agreement recognized the shared Turkmen lineage and ostensibly proclaimed the conversion of Iran to Sunnism. The succession struggle embroiled Persia in civil war for the next five years. The following list is a supplement to the extensive bibliography in John R. Persian narrative sources. Selected non-Persian sources and documents.
As 30, local people were slaughtered, for Nader the booty comprised invaluable things the Peacock Throne , hatfuls of gems including the Koh-i-Noor diamond , and several thousands of young slaves. Indeed, the whole of it resulted so valuable, that back in Iran Nader Shah Afshar didn't need to collect taxation amongst his people for the next three years. Nader Shah Afshar ruled his big kingdom under convulsed circumstances: In , he executed the original Safavid royal family, whose deposition had originally yielded Nader's crowning; in , after a failed assassination attempt Nader blinded his own elder son.
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Nader and his mother were carried off as slaves by the Ozbegs, but after death of his mother in captivity Nader managed to escape and became a soldier. Soon he attracted the attention of a chieftain of the Afshar in whose service Nader rapidly advanced. Eventually, the ambitious Nader fell out of favour. He became a rebel and gathered a substantial army.
In the Afghans had invaded Persia. They deposed the reigning Shah of the Safavid dynasty in After he had invited the leading citizens of Esfahan to a feast and massacred them there, his own supporters assassinated Mahmoud in At first, Nader fought with the Afghans against the Ozbegs until they withheld him further payment.
Nader started the reconquest of Persia and drove the Afghans out of Khorasan. The Afghans suffered heavy losses, but before they fled Ashraf massacred an additional citizens of Esfahan. Most of the fleeing Afghans were soon overtaken and killed by Nader's men, while others died in the desert.
Ashraf himself was hunted down and murdered. By Nader had freed Persia from the Afghans. Tamasp II was crowned Shah, although he was little more than a figurehead.
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