Metronidazole for the treatment of feline giardiasis. J Feline Med Surg. Drug resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and alternative treatments for Giardiasis. Adv Parasitol. Antimicrobial prescriptions and adherence to prudent use guidelines for selected canine diseases in Switzerland in Vet Rec Open. ACVIM consensus statement on therapeutic antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial resistance. Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria.
Infect Immun. Antibiotic treatment alters the colonic mucus layer and predisposes the host to exacerbated Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Curr Drug Saf. Bone marrow necrosis in dogs: 34 cases J Am Vet Med Assoc. Single-dose pharmacokinetics and genotoxicity of metronidazole in cats.
Is metronidazole carcinogenic? Mutat Res. Curr Drug Metab. Biopharm Drug Dispos. Teratogenicity in dogs and cats-a review for practitioners and toxicologists. Wien Tierarztl Monatsschr. Top Companion Anim Med. Evaluation of silymarin in the treatment on asymptomatic Giardia infections in dogs.
Parasitol Res. Prevention of beta-lactam-associated diarrhea by Saccharomyces boulardii compared with placebo. Am J Gastroenterol. Carvacrol ameliorates acute campylobacteriosis in a clinical murine infection model. Gut Pathog. Appl Environ Microbiol. Effect of oregano essential oil and carvacrol on Cryptosporidium parvum infectivity in HCT-8 cells. Parasitol Int. The effect of carvacrol on enteric viruses. Int J Food Microbiol.
Evaluation of the in-field efficacy of oregano essential oil administration on the control of neonatal diarrhea syndrome in calves. Res Vet Sci. Front Microbiol. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Microbiome-mediated bile acid modification: Role in intestinal drug absorption and metabolism. Pharmacol Res. Oral cobalamin supplementation in cats with hypocobalaminaemia: a retrospective study. Effects of oral versus parenteral cobalamin supplementation on methylmalonic acid and homocysteine concentrations in dogs with chronic enteropathies and low cobalamin concentrations.
Vet J. Reconstitution of the gut microbiota of antibiotic-treated patients by autologous fecal microbiota transplant. Sci Transl Med. Published online Drug targets and mechanisms of resistance in the anaerobic protozoa.
Clin Microbiol Rev. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Comparison of microbiological, histological, and immunomodulatory parameters in response to treatment with either combination therapy with prednisone and metronidazole or probiotic VSL 3 strains in dogs with idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Vet Med Auckl. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.
Innovation is the key to veterinarians staying competitive and being able to provide their clients with the absolute best care possible. IVC Journal delivers the most up to date and compelling information available by bridging the gap between the traditional worlds of allopathic and integrative veterinary care. Fill out the form below to send a personal message and notification to them about the event.
Thank you for your interest in writing for IVC Journal. As the leading innovative veterinary care magazine in North America, we take pride in providing our readers with the information they need to make wise health care choices for their animal companions. So is metronidazole the right diarrhea treatment for your dog? Or will it do more harm than good? Since it kills the bacteria rather than simply halting their growth, metronidazole has the potential to work faster and more efficiently than other antibiotics such as clindamycin that also target anaerobic bacteria.
Metronidazole is effective against Bacteroides fragilis , for example, which is a normal bacterial member of the gut and mouth microbiomes but can also be a culprit in wound infection, abscesses, chest infection often associated with pneumonia , and liver infection. Metronidazole also works well against Clostridioides —a group of bacteria that includes Clostridium difficile C.
In both cats and dogs, metronidazole may be used to treat cases of gastritis caused by Helicobacter bacteria such as H. In the past, metronidazole worked well against Giardia , a protozoan parasite that causes diarrhea in dogs. Over time, however, that organism has developed a resistance to metronidazole, so this medication is no longer effective by itself against Giardia.
As a result, important members of the gut microbiome can go missing, leading to unhealthy bacterial imbalances. A new study published this year in the Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine has called attention to the dramatic effects of metronidazole in particular on the gut microbiomes of dogs.
The authors found that in healthy dogs, a day course of treatment with metronidazole resulted in significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiome, including decreases in important beneficial bacteria, such as Fusobacteria —one of the dominant groups of bacteria in the gut microbiomes of dogs and cats —and reductions in overall richness the number of different bacterial species present.
This study gained a lot of attention among pet parents when it was highlighted in a Facebook Live event by integrative veterinarian Dr. Karen Becker and pet wellness educator Rodney Habib.
While metronidazole has been shown to be an appropriate choice for some conditions, in other cases, it may not be as effective as many veterinarians assume.
We recommend that you talk with your veterinarian about whether metronidazole will be beneficial for your dog. Here are some questions to ask:. In many cases of dog diarrhea, the answer may be no.
Though some health issues, such as life-threatening bacterial infections, do require antibiotics, other conditions may resolve with supportive care alone. For example, dogs with bloody diarrhea hemorrhagic gastroenteritis are often given antibiotics, but according to veterinary consensus guidelines, antibiotics are appropriate for this condition only when sepsis is present.
Researchers have found that as long as sepsis is not involved, even hemorrhagic gastroenteritis responds just as well to supportive care as to antibiotics. Metronidazole has a very bitter taste and often causes excessive salivation, drooling, gagging, or frothing at the mouth, especially in cats. In both cats and dogs, the bitter taste may also cause nausea and loss of appetite anorexia , so pets taking metronidazole may eat less than usual or refuse meals altogether.
Vomiting and diarrhea are also relatively common side effects of this drug. More serious but less common adverse effects of metronidazole in pets include lethargy, weakness, liver damage, and central nervous system disorders. Clinical signs of nervous system toxicity may include abnormal eye movements, head tilt, loss of balance and coordination, stumbling or knuckling, and even seizures.
Some cases of birth defects have been recorded. Rare idiosyncratic reactions in dogs have included low blood counts. In cats, metronidazole has been found to cause DNA damage to lymphocytes white blood cells , an important element of the immune system.
Metronidazole should not be used if your dog has ever had an adverse reaction to it in the past. If your dog has liver disease, metronidazole should be used very cautiously and at a low dose. Feces Eating in Dogs and Cats. Fireworks Fear in Pets. Food Finicky Dogs. Halloween is a Scary Night for Pets.
House Soiling Causes and Solutions in Dogs. Housetraining an Adult Dog or Rescue. Housetraining and Crate Training. How to Stop Pulling Behavior in Dogs. Importance of Socializing Puppies and Kittens. Introducing the Dog to Your New Baby. Introducing your Dog to Other Animals. Jumping up by Dogs. Jumping Up on People by Dogs. Leash Reactivity in Dogs. Loose Leash Walking Your Dog. Mat Training in Dogs: Setting the Mood. Nighttime Waking in Senior Dogs.
Puppies and Kittens Who Bite. Resource Guarding in Dogs. Target Training Dogs with Touch. Teaching Eye Contact to a Dog. Thunderstorm Fears in Dogs. Thunderstorm Phobia in Dogs. Walking Your Dog. Abscesses from Bite Wounds. Aspergillosis in Cats. Asthma in Cats. Bacterial Conjunctivitis in Cats.
Bartonella and Cat Scratch Fever. Bladder Stones Oxalate in Cats. Bladder Stones Struvite in Cats. Blocked Cats are an Emergency. Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Cholangitis Cholangiohepatitis in Cats. Cholangitis and Cholangiohepatitis in Cats. Compendium of Animal Rabies Prevention and Control, Constipation and Megacolon in Dogs and Cats. Cutaneous Lymphoma in Cats. Cytauxzoonosis in Cats. Demodectic Mange in Cats. Diabetic Cat Diet.
Distemper Panleukopenia in Cats. Eosinophilic Granuloma Complex in Cats. Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Dogs and Cats. Feline Acne. Fur Mowing in Cats. Hairballs in Cats. Hard to Regulate Diabetic Cats. Haws Syndrome in Cats. Heartworm Infection in Cats.
Hepatic Lipidosis in Cats. Hyperesthesia Syndrome in Cats. Hyperthyroidism Medication for Cats Methimazole. Hyperthyroidism Treatment Options in Cats.
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Cats. Idiopathic Cystitis in Cats. Infectious Anemia in Cats. Infiltrative Bowel Disease in Cats. Injection Site Sarcoma Cancer in Cats. Insulin Administration in Cats. Itching and Allergy in Cats. Lymphoma in Cats. Mammary Cancer in Cats. Myeloma-Related Disorders in Cats. Nasal Pharyngeal Polyps in Cats. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Cats.
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Kittens. Notoedric Mange in Cats Feline Scabies. Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Cats. Pancreatitis in Cats. Plasma Cell Stomatitis in Cats.
Psychogenic Alopecia in Cats. Seizure Disorders in Cats. Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis of Hyperthyroidism in Cats. Stomatitis in Cats. Surgical Treatment for Feline Hyperthyroidism. Tail Pull Injuries in Cats.
Thyroid Treatment Using Radiotherapy for Cats. Tooth Resorption in Cats. Toxoplasmosis in Cats. Triaditis in Cats. Tritrichomonas Infection Causes Diarrhea in Cats. Tritrichomoniasis in Cats. Upper Respiratory Infection in Cats. Urinary Blockage in Cats. Weight Loss in Cats. Cat's Teeth Examination for Cat Owners. Declawing and Alternatives for Cats. Dental Care in Cats. Dietary Therapy for Hyperthyroidism in Cats.
Feeding Cats. Gingivostomatitis in Cats. Giving Birth to Kittens. Litter Box Care Guidelines. Nail Trims for Kittens. Neuter Slideshow of Cats. Neutering your Male Cat. Pilling a Cat. Roundworms in Cats and Kittens. Senior Cats' Health Issues. Spaying your Female Cat. Training Your Cat to Use the Carrier. Body Language of Cats. Feline House-soiling. Getting your Cat into a Carrier. Human Directed Aggression in Cats. Inappropriate Elimination. Inappropriate Elimination House-Soiling in Cats.
Introducing the New Baby to Your Cat. Mealtime Enrichment for Cats. Territorial Marking in Cats. Acupuncture for Laminitis in Horses. Arthritis in Horses. Arthritis Treatment in Horses. Back Pain in Horses. Barometric Pressure and Colic. Bleeding in the Lungs of Endurance Horses. Botulism is Being Seen more Frequently in Horses.
Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Horses. Canker in a Horse's Hoof. Capped Elbow Treatment Difficult in Horses. Chronic Diarrhea in Horses. Chronic Hoof Abscesses in Horses. Chronic Progressive Lymphedema in Draft Horses. Coffin Bone Tumor in a Horse. Colic in Horses is Not a Disease.
Colic Update in Horses. Colic: Waiting for the Veterinarian. Cortisone and Laminitis in Horses. Cryptorchid Stallions. Cryptorchid Testicle Descent in Horses.
Cutaneous Lymphangitis in Horses. Decreased Sweating in Horses. Dental Abnormality Frequency in Horses. Diagnosing Asthma in Horses. Diarrhea in Newborn Foals. Equine Recurrent Uveitis in Horses. Excessive Tearing in Horses. Eye Issues in Foals. Feeding to Prevent Colic in Horses. Flying Insect Allergy in Horses.
Foal Diarrhea Caused by Lawsonia. Foot Injuries in Horses. Gastric Ulcers in Horses. Heart Murmurs in Horses. Herpes Virus in Horses. Hindlimb Suspensory Ligament Disease in Horses. Hock Arthrodesis with Ethyl Alcohol in Horses. Hoof Abscess Treatment in a Horse.
Hoof Pain Treatment in Horses. Hoof Wall Cracks in Horses. Hyperinsulinemia in Horses. Impaction Colic in Horses. Inhalant Allergies and Pruritus in Horses. Initial Management of a Colicky Horse. Kissing Spines in Horses is Hereditary. Laceration Treatment to the Horse's Hoof Wall. Lameness Evaluation in Horses. Lower Leg Problems in Newborn Foals.
Moon Blindness Recurrent Uveitis in Horses. Muscular Disorders in Athletic Horses. Nasal Discharge in Horses. Navicular Lameness Heel Pain in Horses. Neck Pain in Horses.
Necrotic Vaginitis in Horses and Donkeys. Neonatal Isoerythrolysis in Foals. Neurological Problems in Horses. Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Horses. Ocular Disease in Horses. Oral Ulcers in Horses. Palmar Foot Pain in Horses. Palmar Foot Pain Treatment. Parasite Resistance in Horses. Pastern and Heel Dermatitis in Horses. Pastern Dermatitis in Horses. Pastern Dermatitis in Horses Caused by Mites.
Pastern Lacerations in Horses. Physitis in Young Horses. Pigeon Fever in Horses. Pinworms in Horses. Piroplasmosis and How to Protect your Horse. Piroplasmosis in Horses. Placentitis in Mares. Potomac Horse Fever Sometimes Fatal. Preventing and Controlling Mange in Horses.
Preventing Contagious Diseases in Horses. Preventing Enteroliths in Horses. Proximal Suspensory Ligament Injury in Horses. Pythiosis in Horses. Rabies in Horses. Rain Scald and Ringworm in Horses. Rattlesnake Bites' Effect on Horses' Hearts. Recurrent Colic in Horses. Rein Lameness in Horses. Research on Gastric Ulcers in Horses. Rhodococcus equi in Foals. Rhodococcus Pneumonia Uncommon in Horses. Ringworm in Horses. Sacroiliac Pain in Horses. Sarcoid Skin Tumor Treatment in Horses.
Seasonal Pasture Myopathy in Horses. Septic Metritis in Mares. Shivers in Horses. Sinus Disease in Horses. Skin Disease in Horses. Skin Tumors in Horses. Sleep Disorders in Horses. Slobbers in Horses. Small Airway Inflammatory Disease in Horses. Splint Bone Disease in Horses. Splint Bone Fractures in Horses. Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Horse's Eyelid. Staph Pyoderma and Pruritus in Horses. Stomach Ulcers in Donkeys. Strangles Infections in Horses.
Strep Immune-Mediated Myopathies in Horses. Subcutaneous Emphysema in Horses. Subsolar Bruising in Horses. Summer Sores are around a Horse's Eye. Supplement Effectiveness on Equine Stomach Ulcers. Suspensory Ligament Injuries in Horses. Tendon Injury Treatments for Horses. Treating Clubfoot in Horses.
Tying up in Quarter Horses and Other Breeds. Upward Fixation of the Patella is Common in Horses. Vesicular Stomatitis in Horses and Cattle. Viral Arteritis in Horses.
Viral Respiratory Disease in Horses. White Line Disease in Horses. Wounds between the Horse's Foreleg and Chest. Banamine Use in Horses. Adequan and Polyglycan in Horses.
Adopting an Orphan Foal. Altering a Horse's Tail and the Ethics behind It. Aquatic Therapy for Horses. Artificial Insemination Techniques for Horses. Ban on Soring Horses.
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